Snownadoes? Six freaky kinds of winter weather you need to know about
Cold, snow, freezing rain -- you usually know what to expect when wintertime comes, but sometimes, the season has a few weird curve balls to throw.
We've already seen some rough winter weather in some provinces, and there's more of it to come as the season unfolds.
Aside from the usual seasonal staples of snow or freezing rain, from time to time, winter does occasionally flex its muscles in some creative ways - some dangerous and destructive, others just bizarre-looking.
Here are six kinds of freaky winter weather that may be awaiting us as the season progresses.
WATERSPOUTS AND SNOWNADOES
This one sounds very specific, but it has a few different incarnations, with varying degrees of scariness.
The one below, for example, is actually quite pretty, viewed at a safe distance.
That footage was captured in December 2013 on Lake Superior. It seemed around 20 of them formed over time, shimmering in and out of tangibility.
Lake-dwellers in Canada and the United States alike are familiar with waterspouts, but it’s very rare to see one that late, and it's the wintery conditions that give the appearance of a vortex of snow.
The explanation isn’t too out-of-this world. In fact, they form just like regular waterspouts (if not as often): Cool (in this case, bitterly cold) air passes over the comparatively warmer lakes. Add a bit of wind shear to the rising air, and voila: Rotation.
It’s much rarer to see such things on land, but they do happen. In fact, on November 23, 2013 – VERY late in the season – a tornado rated EF-1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale was reported near Prescott, Ont., in a driving blizzard and sub-zero temperatures.
Then there’s the snowy equivalent of dust devils, sometimes called snow devils, like this one encountered by an Austrian skier in 2015:
That one seemed to have happened in broad daylight and bright sunshine, nowhere near a large body of water. Another one, in the region of Buryatia, in eastern Russia, also took place in seemingly calm conditions:
Those ones are even rarer, but still have rational explanations, and the bright sun in a good clue. It beats down on darker surfaces like rocks, causing a slightly warmer updraft of air.
With a strong enough crosswind, rotation happens, and you have yourself a snowy twister.
WATCH BELOW: SNOWBOARDER 'SWALLOWED' BY SNOW-NADO IN LAKE LOUISE
We've never heard of anyone being injured or killed by one, but still, rule of thumb when you encounter a violent-looking weather phenomenon you've never seen before: Keep a safe distance.
FROST QUAKES
Here’s something probably almost no one had ever heard of before a major ice storm and numbing deep freeze in eastern Canada in December 2013: Frost quakes.
Emergency lines and social media lit up with reports of loud bangs deep in the night. Were they car crashes? Earthquakes? Nobody knew, not because frost quakes aren’t possible or are a new phenomenon, but because they’re super rare and require a very specific set of circumstances.
Specifically, there needs to be moisture seeped into the ground, either in the form of groundwater or water from rain or freezing rain, followed by a sharp decrease in temperatures from above zero, to well, well below it.
METEOROLOGY MINUTE: WHAT IS A 'FROST QUAKE'?
The result – as happened across southern Ontario and parts of the northern United States in December 2013 – is a cryoseism, the splitting of earth or rock by expanding underground water ice.
They’d been known to happen in the past, but probably not as widespread as in December 2013.
Much to the relief of people who heard them, they’re not at all like “regular” earthquakes, which involve the sometimes catastrophically destructive movement of tectonic plates. So they won’t swallow your house, but it seems they can fracture asphalt:
The guy in that report doesn't sound super happy about the damage to his road, but he can take comfort in frost quakes' rarity, and the fact it could be much, MUCH worse.
ICE SHOVES
Odd that something that moves so slowly could be so scary, but even just looking at it, you know there’s serious power behind this frozen flow of lake ice, shot in April 2018 on the shores of Lake Simcoe.
Onlookers are more likely to call them ice tsunamis than their meteorological name: “ice shoves.” They’re caused when strong winds push large chunks of lake ice toward the shore. The larger pieces bump up against smaller pieces, a knock-on effect whose inertia can force these ice shelfs well onto land.
The folks in the video above got off lightly. In other cases, the ice can pile up high enough to engulf whole houses, spilling over roofs and pushing through rooms.
It’s not clear how common ice shoves are, but people whose property has been wrecked by one would certainly say they’re way too common as it is.
ICE BOULDERS
Here’s another nickname for the Great Lakes: God’s cereal bowl. At least, that’s what it looked like when this video was uploaded to YouTube in early 2014 and started making the rounds on the Internet:
Called “ice boulders,” they happen when small chunks of ice break off from main floes on the Great Lakes in freezing water. The motion of the wind and waves causes them to turn gently over, with a fresh coating of ice every time.
The layers just keep piling on, one after the other, until you’re left with those balls of ice in the video up above. They can grow to be larger than a basketball, and weigh more than 75 pounds.
According to people in Michigan, where the ones above were filmed, they’re not at all rare, and they’re certainly a hit with photographers and dog walkers:
The reason they went viral in the winter of 2013/2014 was, when the top video was shot, it was early January and the eastern United States and Canada were in the grip of frigid Arctic air, and it seemed to everyone that mother nature had taken a really weird turn.
In fact, those ice balls, larger than the normal variety, were the most benign of the deep freeze’s effects. Between closed businesses, stay-at-homes, energy costs, along with the effect on river traffic of frozen waterways, the economic damage of the extreme cold of January 2014 was estimated at around $5 billion in the United States alone.
SNOW ROLLERS
Images of these curious confection-like constructions occasionally emerge on the Internet when the conditions are right, like the ones below, spotted outside of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa.
And unlike the ice boulders up above, “snow rollers” are quite uncommon, since they need a highly specific set of circumstances for them to form. Basically: You need a few centimetres of snow to fall on otherwise icy ground, or a layer of crusty snow.
Then you need strong winds to scoop out a small chunk, and then stay strong enough to roll it over and over, accumulating more layers along the way.
Unlike snowballs, which are more spherical due to the irregular way we humans roll them, snow rollers are cylindrical, with outer layers being thicker than inner layers, such that eventually the inside will crumble away, or be blown out, giving that doughnut shape.
They can get really big, too. Highway maintenance workers in Washington State spotted one that was 60 cm across, twice the length of your average ruler, with a hole around 20 cm, but they can theoretically get even larger than that, though they seem to range between bowling ball to baseball-sized.
NIAGARA FALLS STOPS FLOWING
You might have heard the story, and it was cold enough that most people would have been happy to believe it: In January, the temperature plunged so low that the iconic Niagara Falls froze over completely.
It wasn’t true – the falls had only partly frozen, as they often do in the wintertime, when ice builds up on the edges and banks and an "ice bridge" forms in the river below.
It would take civilization-ending levels of cold to cause the falls to actually freeze solid: The American side sees half-a-million litres of water flow over every second, and more than 2.2 million litres on the Canadian side.
But as it happens, cold weather did once cause the falls to run dry, just not because they froze solid.
In late March 1848, the gargantuan flow of water subsided to a near-trickle for around 30 hours, thanks to a massive ice jam up-river.
People actually ventured out onto the rocky riverbed to recover items lost to the waters over the years, before a huge wall of water roared down the channel and restored the falls to their glory.
Braver than us for sure, and personally, we wouldn’t really have been able to enjoy ourselves on such a jaunt. We’d have been too weighed-under by the crushing sense of foreboding that, any minute now, millions of litres of water would come racing down the channel and sweep us into scenic oblivion.
